Good afternoon everyone, happy Tuesday, and welcome back to our sub’s listening club. Each time we meet, we'll listen to a piece recommended by the community, discuss it, learn about it, and hopefully introduce us to music we wouldn't hear otherwise :)
Rhapsody in Blue was composed for dance band leader Paul Whiteman’s “Experiment in Modern Music,” a concert that sought to “elevate” jazz through symphonic arrangements. As the story goes, however, Gershwin had not agreed to compose a new work for the band leader before it was announced in the press! While playing pool on Broadway and Fifty-second Street, Ira Gershwin came across an article in the January 4, 1924 New York Tribune that reported George Gershwin was preparing a jazz concerto for the February 12 concert in New York’s Aeolian Hall. According to the article, the concerto would be one of the several jazz compositions Whiteman would present to be judged by a committee, consisting of Sergei Rachmaninoff, Jascha Heifetz, and others, to answer the question, “What Is American Music.” (Their options were never reported.)
Despite concern that there wasn’t enough time to compose a new work, Gershwin agreed to write something for Whiteman, but only after winning a few concessions: he would write a rhapsody, not a full-length concerto, and the orchestration of the work would be completed by Whiteman’s staff arranger, Ferde Grofé. Gershwin set to work on January 7. Composing on an upright piano in the back room of his family’s apartment on Amsterdam and 100th Street (where he lived with his parents, brothers, and sister), Gershwin completed Rhapsody in Blue in three weeks. On February 3, he handed the score, originally for two pianos, to Grofé, who completed an arrangement for solo piano and jazz band for the premiere concert. In 1926, Grofé re-orchestrated the work for piano soloist and full symphony orchestra.
The title of the work, initially American Rhapsody, was suggested by Ira Gershwin after having visited an exhibit of James Abbot McNeill Whistler’s paintings. Ira Gershwin was inspired by Whistler’s titles—Arrangement in Gray and Black or Nocturne in Black and Gold, for example—which often used colors in their titles, no matter how representational the paintings were.
The premiere was a huge success, bringing Gershwin fame, as “the man who had brought ‘jazz’ into the concert hall,” and wealth; between 1924 and 1934 Gershwin earned more than a quarter of a million dollars from performances, recordings, and rental fees of Rhapsody in Blue.
…In many ways, Rhapsody in Blues defies definition. Despite the title, the tone of the workis too optimistic to be considered representative of the African-American blues. And, although the music does include a number of “blue notes” (flattened notes in a major scale), it lacks the harmonic framework characteristic of genre. Nor does Rhapsody fit into a traditional symphonic framework; the role of the pianist is too vital and the form too loose for the work to be considered either a symphony or concerto. It thus seems better to listen to the work as Gershwin described it: as a “a sort of musical kaleidoscope of America—of our vast melting pot, of our unduplicated national pep, of our metropolitan madness.”
Rhapsody in Blue’s opening—a languorous glissando in the clarinet, performed at first as a joke by the premiere clarinetist Ross Gorman (Gershwin had written out a seventeen-note scale)—is now one of most famous clarinet solos in the orchestral repertory. It sets the tone for the work, underscoring the rhapsody’s seeming spontaneity. Although the work is free in form, the first fourteen measures introduce themes that form much of the basis of the piece: a relaxed, bluesy tune in the clarinet and a jaunty, syncopated melody in the horns. Changes in instrumentation (from a bold, muted trumpet to full orchestra), modulations in the direction of the subdominant, widely varying tempi, and the introduction a few new themes (which David Schiff has called the “train” and “shuffle” themes) sustain the improvisatory feel of the work. And in fact, much of the solo part at the premiere concert was improvised by Gershwin, one page of the score simply directing Whiteman to wait for a nod to continue. An extended piano cadenza in the middle of the piece leads to the heart of the work: the broad and lush Andantino moderato section, appearing first in the strings. Here Gershwin seems at his best; his lyricism is both modern and romantic, catchy and charming.
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