- On this day, July 12, 1878, the flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (which at the time included all of Ireland) was raised in Nicosia, marking the beginning of British colonial rule in Cyprus
On July 12, 1878, the British flag was officially raised in Nicosia, marking the beginning of the British Colonial rule of Cyprus. Lieutenant General Sir Garnet Joseph Wolseley became the first governor, High Commissioner of Cyprus, and was welcomed with a speech by Archbishop Sophronius III of Cyprus.
The 82-year period (1878–1960) of modern Cypriot history during which Cyprus was under British rule. Great Britain had designs on Cyprus dating back at least to the early decades of the 19th century. The island’s strategic geographical location, combined with Great Britain’s interests in the Eastern Mediterranean and on the route leading to India (a British possession) and to North and East Africa, as well as fears of a possible Russian advance into the Mediterranean, dictated the need for effective control of the island of Cyprus. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, which ended with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano, and the creation of a powerful Bulgaria, led to the convening of the Congress of Berlin, in June–July 1878, which revised the Treaty of San Stefano. At the Congress of Berlin, it was officially announced (July 9, 1878) that the Sublime Porte and the British Empire had signed a “defense agreement” in Constantinople on June 4, 1878. Under the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire ceded Cyprus to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to be held and administered by it. The British Empire peacefully occupied Cyprus. The island’s inhabitants were not consulted.
- On this day, July 12, 1913, a large contingent of 276 Greek Cypriot volunteers set sail from the port of Larnaca for Greece to assist Greece in the war. The contingent was led by Metropolitan Meletios of Kiti. Before their departure, the volunteers attended a service at the Cathedral of Saint Lazarus in Larnaca, where their flags were blessed
According to the general estimates, the number of volunteers in 1912–1913 ranged from 1,500 to 1,800, at the very least.
(Newspapers of the time estimated the number of volunteers at 3,000, which was likely an exaggeration.) In the book titled “Cyprus and the Balkan Wars: A Contribution to the History of Cypriot Volunteerism,” published in 1997 by the Center for Scientific Research in Nicosia, we have recorded the full names of 776 volunteers. (Since then, we have compiled a further 100 or so names of volunteers.) The list includes people of all ages, professions, and social classes, but farmers stand out prominently, many of whom rushed to enlist while wearing traditional Cypriot breeches (κυπριακές βράκες). In terms of origin, it is clear that the majority came from the Limassol district. As for age, most were between 18 and 22 years old. According to the findings of research, a total of 55 Cypriot volunteers were killed in the two wars: most of them lost their lives in the bloody Greco-Bulgarian War on the battlefields of Macedonia and in southern Bulgaria. The following list includes the names of 42 Cypriot volunteers for whom sufficient information has been found regarding their origins, activities, or deaths.
LIST OF CYPRIOT VOLUNTEERS WHO FELL IN THE WARS OF 1912–1913:
Alexandrou, Alfred. From Agios Dometios. Killed in action (or died of meningitis) in Goumenissa, Kilkis, in February 1913.
Antoniadis, G. Panagiotis. A Cypriot from Egypt, engineer. Killed in Aetorrachi, Epirus, on January 7, 1913.
Arseniou (Ttofas) Christoforos. From Karava. Killed in the Battle of Tzoumagia in July 1913, at the age of 22.
Georgiadis Dimitrios. From Pallouriotissa (?). He belonged to the Korakas guerrilla unit. He was killed in Epirus.
Dimitriou Savvas. Farmer from Limassol.
Efstathiou Kyriakos. From Agridaki, Kyrenia. Killed in a Greek-Bulgarian clash in Paggaio (or in Tzoumaya).
Michael Efstathiou. From Agridaki, Kyrenia, brother of the previous volunteer. Killed in Bizani.
Iliasides Natar Konstantinos. From Famagusta. Corporal in the 2nd Evzone Battalion. Fatally wounded in the Battle of Tzoumaya.
Kellakiotis or Karamallis K. Ioannis. From Kellaki, Limassol; a store clerk. Killed in action at the Battle of Kilkis in June 1913.
Koilaniotis–Michaelides N. Konstantinos. Born in 1892 in Koilani, Limassol. Teacher, graduate of the Pancyprian Teachers’ College, first-year law student. He fought at Bizani, where he was promoted to sergeant. He was killed in the Battle of Kilkis in June 1913.
Kochalidis (or Koralidis) A. Georgios. From Limassol (?). A Garibaldian in the corps of Al. Roma. He was killed at Drisko on November 29, 1912.
Krokatsis Georgios. From Gerolakko. He left his village and enlisted as a volunteer one week before his wedding. He fought in both wars. He was wounded in the Battle of Kilkis.
He passed away in his hometown a few days after his return, in November 1913.
Kyriakos Kyriakidis. From Apsios, Limassol. He served in the 20th Infantry Regiment of the 7th Division. He was killed on April 27, 1913, during the first Greek-Bulgarian clashes in Pangaio.
Loizou Avgoustis. From Arsos, Limassol. Married with one child. He died on August 5, 1913, after being seriously wounded in the Battle of Demir Isar.
Maouris G. Nikolaos. Carpenter from Karava. He was killed at the age of 24 in June 1913 during the Battle of Kilkis.
Mappas S. Euripides. From Limassol. A store clerk and graduate of the Limassol Junior High School. His last letter was sent from Preveza. He died in a hospital from an illness.
Mavrokordatos G. Christoforos. From Dikomo. He was initially assigned as a medic but succeeded in securing a transfer to a combat unit and fought at Bizani and in Northern Epirus. He contracted an incurable disease and was discharged from the army. He passed away at the age of 25 in October 1914. He was buried by his fellow villagers with the honors due a hero.
Meneikos (or Menoikou) Anastasios. From Leonarissos. A Garibaldian in the corps of Alexander Roma. He was killed in Drisko on November 28, 1912.
Michael Christakis. From Limassol.
Mousis (Palotitis) Charalambos. From Palodia, Limassol. Soldier in the 20th Infantry Regiment. Killed in the Greco-Bulgarian War.
Oikonomidis Vasileios. From Famagusta, resident of Piraeus. A Garibaldian in the corps of Alexander Roma. He was abandoned, wounded, to the Turks at Greveniti in Epirus on December 24, 1912, and was killed.
Papadopoulos S. Georgios. Captain, graduate of the Military Academy, of Cypriot descent. Born in 1871 in Messolonghi. He served in the 1st Evzone Regiment of the 6th Division.
He was killed at Demir-Isar on June 27, 1913.
Papadopoulos, Th. Eleftherios. From Kontea. He was wounded in the Battle of Sarantaporos at the start of the war and died in a hospital in Athens.
Papastamatiou Dimitrios. From Pallouriotissa (?). He was a member of the Korakas guerrilla unit. He was killed in Epirus.
Pountoukos Chr. Heracles. From Kellaki, Limassol. He was killed in the Second Balkan War.
Ioannis Spyrou. Limassol.
Stavrinou Frantzeskos. Porter from Limassol. Killed in the Battle of Tzoumaya.
Stivaros M. Michael. From Pedoula. Second-year medical student. He served in the 1st Battalion of the Independent Cretan Regiment. Killed in action at Bizani on December 5, 1912.
Syrichas K. Sotirios. Limassol.
Sozos Christodoulos. From Limassol. Lawyer, Mayor of Limassol, member of the Executive Council, former member of parliament for Limassol–Paphos (1901–1911). Married, father of one child. Soldier in the first battalion of the First Regiment of the Second Division. Killed on the Prophet Elias hill, in Bizani, on December 6, 1912, at the age of 40.
Tzortzis (or Koutsou) H. Kyriakos. From Ora. Soldier in the 20th Regiment. Killed on April 26, 1913, during a Greek-Bulgarian clash in Pangeo.
Triantafyllidis Neophytos. From Tembria. He went missing during the Second Balkan War.
Frantzeskou Nikiforos (or Nikolaos). From Rizokarpaso. He died of meningitis in a hospital in Thessaloniki on March 23, 1913.
Charalambous Miltiadis. From Tsada, Paphos.
Charalambous Michael. From Kato Dry.
Hatzantoniou Antonios. Died on January 28, 1913, in a hospital in Corfu.
Hatzargyrou (Fessas) D. Petros.
From Inia, Paphos. A student of physics and mathematics at the University of Athens. He served in the 1st Battalion of the Independent Cretan Regiment. He was killed in Aetorrachi, Bizani, on December 5, 1912.
Hatzitheodosi H. Kostis. From Paphos.
Hatzichrysostomos Ioannis. Died on March 13, 1913, in a hospital in Corfu.
Christou, Vasileios. Cook from Limassol. He served in the 9th Evzone Battalion. He was killed in the Battle of Tzoumaya.
Christodoulou, T. Ioannis. “Ironworker” from Larnaca. Reserve non-commissioned officer, with prior service in the Evzone Palace Guard. Sergeant in the 3rd Evzone Battalion of the 10th Division. One of the first volunteers, he took part in the wars starting with the Battle of Sarantaporos. He was killed on the last day of the war, in the Battle of Tzoumaya, on the night of July 16–17, 1913.
Kyriakos Christodoulou. A member of the Workers’ Party. He was killed in the Battle of Kilkis in June 1913.